山地区生态承载力计算及提升对策研究——以重庆市渝北区为例

山地区生态环境比较脆弱,在经济社会发展的影响下,山地区的生态承载力呈不断下降的趋势。本文在论述生态承载力内涵和计算方法的基拙上,以2008年《重庆统计年鉴》、2008年《重庆渝北统计年鉴》以及2007年渝北区土地利用现状数据为依据,对重庆市渝北区2007年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算与分析,并进一步分析了山地区土地生态赤字产生的原因,包括人口多,坡地多,土壤和大气污染严重等,提出了控制人口数量和质量、大力发展山地区生态农业、优化能源结构等相应的对策。     

航天产品环境适应性问题研究

全面论述了产品研制中提高环境适应性的途径,从产品设计的角度阐释了产品环境适应性基础原理、产品环境分析、环境适应性设计、环境适应性试验、环境适应性管理等内容,并总结了相关环境分析、试验、设计、管理的风险因素,提出了环境适应性工作管理的3个覆盖和适应性技术的发展趋势,认为对当前传统认识——环境适应性工作就是制定环境条件和进...     

低冲击发展模式下水源地保护的新路径

中国水源地保护与城镇发展矛盾较为突出。在现有水源保护区分级管理制度下,仅对排污口控制,不足以保障水源地安全。在污染物排放破坏水源地环境的表象下,水源地城镇的功能布局和建设方式是影响水源地安全的本质原因,而相关的管控措施十分缺乏。低冲击发展模式是城市与自然和谐相处的一种发展模式,它有利于保障水的健康循环,减轻水污染及保护水源地生态环境,是从根本上保护水源地安全的规划途径之一。因此,水源地保护应在全流域视角下,采取低冲击发展模式对建设进行合理引导。     

化学科学研究与环境保护的机理相关性

环境问题已经引起世界各国政府和全社会的广泛关注。环境保护是利用环境科学的理论和方法,协调人类与自然环境的关系,以保护和改善环境的一切人类活动的总称。本文将首先分析由化学物质引起环境污染的案例,进而给出进行环境友好型的化学科学研究的方法及其重要性,以及通过化学科学的不断发展来解决业已存在的环境污染问题。     

我国环境标志制度与产品发展现状研究

环境标志是政府管理部门或非政府组织(团体)向有关申报者颁发并表明其产品或服务符合国际或国家环境标准与保护要求的特定标志。我国目前已经形成了以绿色食品标志与有机食品标志为代表的农产品环境标志制度、以中国环境标志为代表的制造业及建筑产品环境标志制度和以能效标识为代表的能效标识制度,以及低碳产品认证制度。我国环境标志产品生产与出口取得了显著成绩,但与发展水平高的国家和地区比较,还存在较大的发展差距。     

环境保护与科学发展

环境保护是实现科学发展的基础和保障。本文阐述了环境保护与科学发展的关系,分析了中国、尤其是黑龙江省环境资源状况。环境保护已成为中国经济社会发展的重要制约因素。从转变思想观念、完善环境经济政策和技术政策、改善环境保护的法制环境、解决突出环境保护问题等方面,提出了环境保护要保障经济社会发展全局,经济社会发展也要充分考量环境保护的具体措施。     

Applying the precautionary principle to consumer household cleaning product development

Hazardous chemicals are pervasive in household disinfectant products. Many ingredients have established associations with acute and chronic human health conditions as well as with environmental damage. Although these associations are suggested but not proven, they are of great concern. This article describes the application of the precautionary principle to the selection of an anti-microbial active ingredient for a botanical disinfectant when significant uncertainty exists around the hazard and risk of traditional disinfectant active ingredients. We show that application of the precautionary principle does not stifle innovation and facilitates a responsible approach to product development.     

An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through use

Some emerging technologies are expected to be pivotal for solving many of the environmental challenges faced today, especially those related to energy. However, many of these technologies may incur significant environmental impacts over their life cycle, while having environmental benefits during their use. This paper presents results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a proposed type of nanophotovoltaic, quantum dot photovoltaic (QDPV) module. The LCA is confined to the stages of raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, and use. The impacts of QDPV are compared with other types of PV modules and energy sources - both renewable and nonrenewable. To provide a comprehensive comparative assessment, QDPV modules were compared with mature as well as emerging PV types for which data are available. Comparative assessment with other types of energy sources includes coal, oil, lignite, natural gas, diesel, nuclear, wind, and hydropower.QDPV modules may have the potential to overcome two current barriers of solar technology: low efficiencies and high manufacturing costs. If higher efficiencies are realized, QDPV modules could pave the way to large scale implementation of solar energy, helping nations move toward greater energy independence. On the other hand, candidate materials as quantum dots for solar cell applications are mostly compound semiconductors such as cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, and lead sulfide which may be toxic and for which renewable options are limited. Toxic effects of these materials may be exacerbated by their nanoscale features.The LCA was carried out using the software SimaPro, and the Ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database supplemented with available literature and patent information. Our results indicate that while QDPV modules have shorter Energy PayBack Time (EPBT), lower Global Warming Potential (GWP), SO_x and NO_x emissions than other types of PV modules, they have higher heavy metal emissions, underscoring the need for investigation of emerging technologies, especially nano-based ones, from a life cycle perspective. QDPV modules are better in all impact categories assessed than carbon-based energy sources but they have longer EPBT than wind and hydropower and higher GWP.     

Critical perspectives of sustainable development research and practice

Sustainable development has been intensely debated for more than twenty years, but real progress of our societies to become more sustainable is very slow. Therefore this special issue provides a forum for critical perspectives of Sustainable Development Research and Practice. The papers are grouped into three clusters: a. Sustainability Science, b. Economic Problems and c. Corporate Contributions to Sustainable Development.Although a single special issue cannot address the entire array of issues pertaining to progress of sustainability related research, the selected papers highlight special aspects of sustainability research either due to their theoretical contributions or because they report on valuable empirical evidence. The main goal of sustainability research should be to contribute to our understanding of sustainability problems and to develop and help to implement solutions to solve them. This can be described as the relevance of sustainability research. A precondition to gain relevance is the rigor of sustainability science: it has to be based on solid scientific principles and methods. Additionally it has to be regarded that Sustainable Development is dynamic and that it has both normative and practical aspects. It is concluded that sustainability science and practice should be based upon these four central aspects: rigor, relevance, normative aspects and dynamic     

永定河(北京段)水资源、水环境的变迁及流域社会经济发展对其影响

考察了官厅水库和永定河（北京段）1954—2008年水资源及1980—2005年水环境的变迁,并通过Pearson相关分析探讨了流域社会经济发展对永定河（北京段）水资源和水环境的影响.研究结果表明,①官厅水库建成后近50年来水量和出库水量均大幅衰减,例如,官厅水库来水量从1959年的25.56亿m3锐减至2008年的0...